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They were wrong in thinking philosophy should begin with an analysis of consciousness and should show how conscious human beings apply concepts to the data of sensation in order to produce phenomenalistic world pictures that are distinguished from things as they are. The third is the principle of substitutivity, according to which if two expressions have the same meaning, then substitution of one for the other in a third The principle is not committed to a specific conception of syntax and semantics, which is why it can be employed in debates between proponents of different conceptions (see, by way of comparison, Partee 1984).

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Less formally, a father’s role may be to provide the family with an income, and failure to do so will be regarded not merely as falsifying predictions but also as disappointing reason- able or legitimate expectations—reasonable, because grounded on an understanding of the norms constituting the structure of the family. Indeed, though what we knew of some particular father might give us good grounds for predicting that he would neglect his role, that would not mean that its requirements did not apply to him Awesome Encyclopedia Of Space read online http://old.gorvestnik.ru/library/awesome-encyclopedia-of-space. Translated by Neville Horton Smith as Ethics (New York: Macmillan, 1955) Amazing Spooks and Mysteries http://old.gorvestnik.ru/library/amazing-spooks-and-mysteries. The only type of social philosophy that one can expect from such a thesis is a Hobbesian war of all against all. In a famous footnote Sartre concedes that “an ethic of deliverance and salvation” is possible but that this can be achieved only after “a radical conversion” which, he insists, cannot be discussed in that work (Sartre 1943/1956, p. 412) Children's First Encyclopedia old.gorvestnik.ru. The Development of Plato’s Political Theory. New York: Methuen, 1986. 604 • ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PHILOSOPHY 2nd edition PLATONISM AND THE PLATONIC TRADITION Meinwald, C. Plato’s Cretan City: A Historical Interpretation of the Laws. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1960. Image and Reality in Plato’s Metaphysics. The Theory of Motion in Plato’s Later Dialogues. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1942 Sea World (Illustrated Encyclopedia) Sea World (Illustrated Encyclopedia). In philosophy, four major theories of knowledge have developed. The first is the concept of knowledge as abstraction (tajarrud). Following Aristotle, the Muslim Peripatetics define knowledge as the abstraction of the intelligible forms of things from their material properties , e.g. Catopia Catopia. Explains how and why math works, and allows readers to better understand how disciplines such as algebra, geometry, calculus, and others affect what we do every day Gods, Demigods and Demons: An Encyclopedia of Greek Mythology http://britwayz.org/?library/gods-demigods-and-demons-an-encyclopedia-of-greek-mythology. See Kala Silva, Alcino, 6:568 Silver, Jack, 8:845 Silvester III, Pope, 4:66 Sima Guang on Laozi, 5:194 on Yang Xiong, 9:861 Simchen, Ori, on analytical jurisprudence, 1:170 Simeon Stylites, St., 1:350 Similarity(ies) counterfactuals in science and, 2:574 as gestalten factor, 5:127 grammatical vs. logical, 8:580–581 in mathematics, 8:546–547 in metaphor, 6:166 in neo-Wittgensteinianism, 1:299 Similarity circle, 6:178 Simmel, Georg, 9:30–32 on culture, 6:545 Lukács and, 5:602 in neo-Kantianism, 6:545 and Scheler, 8:615 Simmons, Keith, on truth, 5:317 Simocatta, Theophylactus, Copernicus on, 2:533 Simon, Richard, 9:32–33 higher criticism and, 5:196 on Spinoza, 2:265 Simon Magus, 4:98, 4:100, 9:33–34 Simondon, Gilbert, on philosophy of technology, 7:543 2nd edition • 601 index Simonianism, 9:34 Simons, Menno, Franck and, 3:714 Simple(s), Wittgenstein on, 9:805, 9:808, 9:811 Simple laws, of nomic form, 3:709 Simple supposition, 5:557, 9:776 Simple theory of types, definition of, 5:558 Simpliciter predication, concepts of, 5:70 Simplicity in beauty, Winckelmann on, 9:790 Campbell on, 2:18 in chaos theory analysis, 2:131–133 Copernican theory and, 2:535 Daoism and, 2:237 of God, 1:114, 1:140, 4:110, 4:116 Goodman on, 4:157 of nature, 7:652 Rehmke on, 8:303 in scientific theories, 2:18 structural, theory of, 4:157 in utopianism, 9:617 Wittgenstein on, 9:811 Simplicius, 9:34–36 Aristotle and, 1:279, 5:408, 6:555 on concentric spheres, 4:172 Diogenes of Apollonia and, 3:89 on Empedocles, 3:212 Epictetus on, 3:262 on eternal return doctrine, 3:353 exile of, 6:553 on limited and unlimited argument, 9:874 Melissus and, 6:120 on Moving Rows paradox, 9:876 and Neoplatonism, 6:554 panpsychism and, 7:83 Parmenides of Elea and, 7:122–123 on Philoponus, 6:555 on polytheism, 6:555 Simply ordered, definition of, 5:550 Simulating Minds: The Philosophy of Psychology and Neuroscience Mindreading (Goldman), 4:148 Simulation account, of folk psychology, 3:680 Simulation theory, 9:36–41 Simultaneity absolute, in classical physics, 9:495 Bergson on, 9:489 causality and, 2:586–588 conventionalism and, 2:523–525 divine causality and, 2:588 relative, in special relativity, 9:496 Salmon on, 8:594 theory of relativity and, 3:179, 9:496 thought experiment on, 9:453–454 Simultaneously satisfiable, definition of, 5:556 Sin Abelard on, 1:6 as act of will, 7:175 Anselm on, 1:214, 1:217 anxiety as cause of, 6:605 Augustine on, 3:402, 3:472 Calvin on, 2:12 Camus on, 2:23 in Christianity, 2:248–249 Descartes on, 3:12 and determinism, 3:8 Erigena on, 3:341 free will and, 1:217 hiddenness and, 7:484 as logo astratto, in Gentile, 4:52 nature and, 6:521 New Land Buddhism and, 2:169 Niebuhr on, 6:605 noetic effect of, 2:12 Ockham on, 9:783 original Anselm on, 1:217 Augustine on, 1:399 choice as, 4:801 in collective guilt, 4:194 and doctrine of radical evil, 5:30 Eberhard on, 3:161 Edwards (Jonathan) on, 3:169 and evil, problem of, 3:469–470 ignorance resulting from, 4:96 Jaspers on, 4:801 Locke on, 5:395 Losskii on, 5:577 Malebranche on, 5:671 Maritain on, 5:714 modern theology on, 3:474 in Pelagianism, 7:175 society and, 1:399 in Stephen’s agnosticism, 9:243 Pelagianism on, 7:175 predestination and, 3:10 as resistance to God’s will, 2:9 Schleiermacher on, 8:634 as source of error, 1:721 subjectivity of, 1:6 Taylor (Alfred) on, 9:374 Wolff on, 9:827–828 See also Morality Sincerity, Zhou Dunyi on, 9:880 Singer, Marcus, 3:430, 5:36, 9:25 Singer, Michael, 3:256 Singer, Peter, 3:561, 9:41–42 on act utilitarianism, 9:612–613 on animal rights, 1:208, 8:667–668 consequentialism and, 2:461 on conventional morality, 3:389 on duty to aid others, 3:443 on economic inequality, 3:385 Sidgwick and, 9:25 on utilitarian moral cosmopolitanism, 2:569 Single-party system, representation in, 2:701 Singlet state, 6:640, 8:214–215 Singular name, in logic, definition of, 5:549 Singular proposition(s) definition of, 5:553 Kaplan on, 2:708 Suárez on, 9:283 vs. universal propositions, Ockham on, 9:778 Singular term, definition of, 5:556 Singularity (grammatical), semantics of, 8:57 Singularity (in physics) black hole as, 1:606–609 in chance, frequency and propensity of, 2:127–128 kalam argument on God’s existence and, 2:555 space-time, Earman on, 3:160 unique evolution and, 3:33 Sinn, 7:299, 8:60–61 Sinn unseres Daseins, Der (Reiner), 5:354 “Sinnhafte Aufbau der sozialen Welt, Der” (Schutz), 8:664 Sircello, Guy, on art, 1:304 Siris (Berkeley), 7:615 Siro, Philodemus of Gadara and, 3:264 Sistema di logica come teoria del conoscere (Gentile), 4:50 Sisterhood, obstructions to, 3:606 Sisterhood Is Powerful (slogan), 3:599 Sisyphus fragment, 6:632 Situated epistemic agency, 3:576 Situated knowers, partiality of their perspectives, 3:577 Situated knowledge, 3:575–576, 3:592 Situated robotics, 1:347–348 Situation being-in, 8:607 definition of, 1:456 Dewey on, 3:49 Sartre on, 1:456, 8:607 of sense object, 9:749 Situation Semantics (Barwise & Perry), 8:809 602 • ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PHILOSOPHY 2nd edition index Situationality, Jaspers on, 4:801 Siva, in meditation, 6:108 Six livres de la république (Bodin), 7:422, 9:140 “Sixth Cartesian Mediation: The Idea of a Transcendental Theory of Method” (Fink), 3:638 Size as determinable, 3:1–2 paradox of, 9:872–873 Skandhas (aggregates), Vasubandhu on, 9:650–651 Skelton, Peter, on natural selection, 7:341 Skeptical Chemist (Boyle), 1:674 Skeptical idealism, of Oakeshott, 7:1 Skeptical Inquirer (periodical), 7:116 “Skeptical paradox,” Kripke on, 5:150 “Skeptical solution,” Kripke on, 5:150 Skeptical Zetetic (periodical), 7:116 Skepticism academic, 1:193–195, 3:703, 4:501, 7:311–312, 8:175–176 Aenesidemus on, 1:30 Agrippa and, 1:96 aitia in, 1:100 ancient, 1:191–197 Antiochus of Ascalon and, 1:222 and apologism, 1:229 Arcesilaus and, 1:247–248 arguments for, 5:103 art in, 1:335–337 and astrology, 4:302 and atomic theory, 1:643 attributor contextualism and, 2:485–487 in autonomous idiolects, 8:753 Bayle on, 1:506–507 and belief, 1:474, 2:12, 2:93–94 Berkeley on, 3:302, 4:556 Boyle on, 1:675 in British empiricism, 3:218–219 Buddhism and, 9:544 Calvinism and, 2:12 Carneades and, 1:194–195, 2:46, 4:174, 7:312 and Catholic rule of faith, 9:51 Cavell on, 2:115–116 and chance, 2:129 Charron on, 2:134–135 in Chinese philosophy, 2:189, 2:200, 2:227 in civilization, 8:460 Clitomachus and, 1:195 common consent arguments for God’s existence and, 2:347–348 common sense and, 1:510, 2:355–356 contemporary, 9:42–47 contextualist solution to, 9:136–137 Daoism and, 2:189–190 on definition, 2:668 vs. deism, 2:681 Descartes on, 2:727–729, 2:738–741, 2:745–746, 3:291 in dialectical method, 4:272 Diogenes Laertius on, 3:88 dogmatism and, 1:191–193 empiricism and, 3:215, 3:220, 5:645 Encyclopédie and, 3:222 Epicurus and, 3:269 epistemology and, 3:274–275, 3:278, 3:282–283, 3:288, 7:325, 7:409 ethical, in Daoism, 2:197–198 and ethics, 3:399 evidentialism and, 3:468 fictionalism and, 9:626 in film, 7:384 in French clandestine writings, 2:264 and Galen, 4:6 Galileo on, 4:11–12 Glanvill on, 4:95–97 Gödel on, 4:117 Gournay on, 4:166 in Greece, 1:191–194 in Greek Academy, 1:247, 4:171, 4:174 Hegel on, 4:272 history of, 9:47–61 in history of metaphysics, 6:192–193 Huet and, 4:469–470 Hume and, 3:303–305, 4:500–501, 4:637 and indirect perception, 1:577 inferential justification and, 2:275 inquiry in, 1:191–192 in Islamic Spain, 9:50 on justice, 9:673 on knowledge, 3:318 La Mothe Le Vayer on, 5:182 and laughter, 1:469 Le Clerc on, 5:236 in legal theory, 7:451 and limited certitude, 9:54 and linguistic negativity as intellectualized disappointment, 2:115 Locke (John) and, 3:216 in logical positivism, 9:58 Lucian of Samosata on, 5:597 in Madhyamika doctrine, 1:743 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PHILOSOPHY Maimon and, 5:645–646 Manheim and, 5:686 in mental-physical distinction, 6:140 Mersenne on, 6:152–153 in metaphysical solipsism, 9:115–116 in Middle Ages, 9:50 Mill (John Stuart) on, 6:225, 6:230 mitigated, 4:26–27, 9:52 Moore on, 7:108–109, 9:817 moral, 6:393–394 in morality, 6:618–619 of natural law, 6:510 of New Academy, 7:607 Nicolas of Autrecourt on, 6:602 optimism/pessimism and, 7:247 paradigm-case argument against, 7:106–113 paradox of, 8:23 Pascal on, 7:131–134 patristic philosophy and, 7:141–142 Philo of Larissa and, 7:311 Pico della Mirandola (Gianfrancesco) on, 7:574–575 and pious fideism, 1:506–507 Plato and, 1:192–193 postmodern, 7:395–397, 9:59 precursors to, 1:192–193 probable impressions and, 2:48 Pyrrhonian, 1:192–193, 3:399, 8:173–176 and Pythagoreanism, 8:184–185 questions asked in, 9:797–798 reason and, 1:505 and religious pluralism, 8:419 in Renaissance, 8:425 Rensi and, 8:433 Sanches on, 8:595–596, 9:52 Santayana and, 8:601 Schulze and, 8:660 and science, 1:474, 4:11–12 Sextus Empiricus on, 1:191–192 Shakespearean tragedy and, 9:525 Socrates and, 3:399, 4:173, 9:113 sophists and, 9:130–131 Stoicism and, 1:193–194, 4:173 suicide and, 9:319 of supernatural religion, 6:230 as theoretical problem, 9:684–685 Timon of Phlius on, 9:501 on underdetermination, 9:577 and unobservables, 1:643 and value of knowledge and truth, 5:102–103 Vico on, 9:671–672 2nd edition • 603 index Skepticism, continued virtue epistemology and, 9:684–685 Wittgenstein and, 9:817 Wolff on, 4:553 Xenophanes and, 1:192 “Skepticke, The” (Raleigh), 9:50 Skeptic’s Handbook of Parapsychology, A (Kurtz), 7:115 Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind (Condorcet), 2:409, 2:431–432, 3:244 Skill art as, in Aristotle, 1:296 Daoist concepts of de and dao and, 2:192–193 Skillfulness, as excellence in Chinese religion, 2:225 Skinner, B , source: Science Encyclopedia (Usborne Encyclopedia) civic.cet.ac.il.

One of the most characteristic features of his thinking is the vigor with which he combated the spirit of Marcel distinguishes two degrees or types of thinking, primary and secondary reflection. Primary reflection is characterized as abstract, analytical, objective, universal, and verifiable. The thinking subject in primary reflection is not the individual human person but the thinker qua mind (the Bewusstsein überhaupt) , e.g. The Heinemann Illustrated Encyclopedia: Aar-Bir Vol 1 civic.cet.ac.il. See also Büchner, Ludwig; Encyclopédie; Hedonism; Materialism; Natural Law. take a chair in moral theology at the newly established Jesuit University in Madrid Where? (Dragon Question Books) http://old.gorvestnik.ru/library/where-dragon-question-books. See also Chinese Philosophy; Gongsun Long; Hui Shi; Mozi; Proper Names and Descriptions; Xunzi; Zhuangzi. Bibliography CHINESE LOGIC of the classical Greek tradition as preserved in and transmitted through late Greek Aristotelianism. The present account briefly traces the evolution of Arabic logic from its inception in the late eighth century to its stultification in the sixteenth century, mentioning only the most important trends, figures, and achievements 500 Questions and Answers read epub.

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We have already referred to the passage in Hegel’s The Positivity of the Christian Religion, in which he said that in the days of imperial Rome men who had been robbed of their freedom in this world sought for it in a heaven beyond. Feuerbach, who, of course, had not seen this work, could have read something similar in the Phenomenology. It is a very short step from Hegel’s view HEGEL, GEORG WILHELM FRIEDRICH ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PHILOSOPHY 276 • 2 n d e d i t i o n eophil_H 11/7/05 3:09 PM Page 276 that the infinite is manifested in the finite to the view that it is a projection of it The Picture Book of Knowledge download pdf download pdf. Given only man’s self- assertion, then there must be a state of nature; given only his overwhelming aversion to death, then he must accept the conditions necessary for avoiding death. These axioms of prudence are hypothetical in relation to man’s HOBBES, THOMAS ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PHILOSOPHY 2 n d e d i t i o n • 415 eophil_H 11/7/05 3:10 PM Page 415 assumed fear of death Amazing Planet Earth: The read for free Amazing Planet Earth: The Story of Our. Arnold Geulincx (1624–1669) said that God puts the ideas there by means of the bodily processes; Nicolas Malebranche (1638– 1715) said that God acts directly on the mind on the occasion of the bodily processes. Since Malebranche had leanings toward the views of St. Augustine, he interpreted this occasionalism in terms of the Augustinian doctrine that we know all things in God The History Encyclopedia: Follow the development of human civilization around the world, in 1500 illustrations download online. As will be seen, the possibility in question may be interpreted in a number of different ways, but classical foundationalists usually invoked a very strong concept of possibility: If a belief is foundational it must be inconceivable that the belief be false Children's Encyclopaedia of Questions and Answers: Bk. 1 http://old.gorvestnik.ru/library/childrens-encyclopaedia-of-questions-and-answers-bk-1. Huet sent back a report saying that he agreed on everything. Since Christianity is a matter of faith, there should be no evidence and if it were at all probable, that would count as evidence download.

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He expounded the atonement with great beauty and insight and believed that the Trinity was the most illuminating way to describe the self-unfolding of the Eternal. Law’s mystical writings were perplexing to thinkers of the eighteenth century (see John Wesley’s letter to Law about mysticism), but his Serious Call exercised a profound influence at the time (especially on Samuel Johnson and John Wesley) and is still considered a classic work on the Christian life ref.: My Little Encyclopedia download epub download epub. Milo, R. “Skepticism and Moral Justification.” Monist 76 (1993): 379–393. Milo defends a contractarian version of constructivism. O’Neill, O. “Constructivisms in Ethics.” In Constructions of Reason , cited: Children's Encyclopaedia of Questions and Answers: Bk. 3 Children's Encyclopaedia of Questions. The body, with the help of external things, determines what our sensations are like, and it harbors physiological structures which cause us to find activities and things of certain kinds instinctually pleasant or painful Extreme Animals old.gorvestnik.ru. In his early studies of the perception of change and motion, he employed phenomenological methods and anticipated some later developments in Gestalt psychology pdf. Abrams, had been fired by Lloyd Braun, he felt that he deserved a credit for his work. Lieber complained to the Writers Guild of America, whereupon ABC and Touchstone argued that Lieber's initial concept had nothing to do with the show that was now being developed. [10] Lieber managed to get his hands on a shooting script for the pilot and drew parallels between characters in the shooting script and those from his own script , source: Little Encyclopedia of Seas and Oceans http://old.gorvestnik.ru/library/little-encyclopedia-of-seas-and-oceans. Fascism was in a very real sense the dictatorship of a party, and the effectiveness of the party organization in a country by no means notable for good organization was one secret of fascism’s twenty years of success. See also Anarchism; Croce, Benedetto; Democracy; Gentile, Giovanni; Machiavelli, Niccolò; Marxist Philosophy; Nationalism; Political Philosophy, History of; Socialism; Sorel, Georges; Violence ref.: 1000 of the World's Most Astonishing Facts (The world series) civic.cet.ac.il. We behave differently toward persons who have made a free choice than we do toward those who have been coerced online. Hume’s the- ory of the passions is the mirror image of his theory of understanding: just as he was able to show the under- standing to be as much an organ of feeling as of thought by explaining its most basic and important operations in terms of principles of association, so, too, by showing how surprisingly far these same principles go toward explaining the operations of the passions, he was able to reveal a deeper, underlying affinity between reason and feeling that otherwise, apart from his associationist doc- trine, must remain concealed , e.g. Alphabet of Sports - A read pdf new-life.center. Also, the standard antiabortion argument is criticized on the ground that we do not know when the soul enters the body , cited: The World of Animal Life (Young Encyclopedia) The World of Animal Life (Young. Manley Thompson (1967) categories, syntactical and semantical See Syntactical and Semantical Categories catharsis See Katharsis cattaneo, carlo (1801–1869) Carlo Cattaneo is possibly the most interesting Italian philosopher of the nineteenth century, and was a distinguished scholar in history, economics, linguistics, and geography. Born in Milan, he received a law degree from the University of Pavia, where for some years afterward he taught Latin and the humanities , cited: The Kingfisher Facts and read for free http://inixweb.de/library/the-kingfisher-facts-and-records-book-facts-book.

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