Category: Encyclopedias

The Usborne Living World Encyclopedia (Usborne Encyclopedia)

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Sober, Elliot. “The Multiple Realizability Argument against Reductionism.” Philosophy of Science 66 (1999): 542–564. Leibniz, for example, articulates what appears to be an early formulation of the probability coordination principle when he writes “quod facile est in re, id probabile est in mente” (Hacking, 1975, p. 128); Ian Hacking glosses this as “our judgment of probability ‘in the mind’ ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PHILOSOPHY 2nd edition • 37 PROBABILITY AND CHANCE is proportional to (what we believe to be) the facility or propensity of things” (the parenthesized phrase is not in the Latin; 1975, p. 128).
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The Greatest Book of the Biggest and Best

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Lloyd’s Greek Science after Aristotle (London: Chatto and Windus, 1973) remains fundamental. As a young man he had been favorable to the revolution, but he was soon disillusioned and in 1792 went into voluntary exile in London. Sympathetic in the 1950s and 1960s to the positivists’ aspiration to a scientific single theory that explains everything” (Putnam 1992, p. 2), Putnam is since then inclined to a pluralistic, problem-centered approach to philosophy.
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Encyclopedia of Animals - Mammals

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As a Catholic disciple of Ortega, who was explicitly irreligious and anti-Catholic, Marías gave a theistic interpretation of Ortega’s “ratiovitalism” (a reconciliation of rationalism and the vitalist doctrines of the 1920s). Expres- sion is metaphorical exemplification by a work of art functioning as such. Moreover, he does not think that it is a matter of guesswork to decide which acts God forbids. Although the beginnings of the humanistic movement can be detected in Northern France during the early twelfth century, the main development is usually traced from Francesco Petrarca (in English, “Petrarch,” 1304–1374).
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My First Picture Encyclopedias

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Computer programs are available for finding maxent distributions subject to mean value constraints. We can invent a predicate Tih2 satisfied by ·x, yÒ iff y hit x; and we can imagine a language in which a homophone of (1), with Aggie as the subject, means that Tih2(a, p)—or equivalently, Hit2(p, a). This establishes the existence of God and points, by means of miracles and fulfillments of ancient prophecy, to Christ and the Scriptures as the sources of revealed truth, supplemented in Roman Catholicism by the church as its divinely appointed guardian.
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Sea World (Illustrated Encyclopedia)

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, ) ( ) − − ¸ ¸ _, − − 1 1 1 P x n p n x p p x n x ( With its stress on devotion and the efficacy of the Buddha’s grace, this school tended to bypass contemplative mysticism and to focus religion upon worship. judaism Although the Hebrew Bible contains virtually no expression of contemplative religion, mysticism developed within Judaism by the first century BCE. ETHICAL DETERMINISM The ethical determinism associated with Plato and Socrates is a theme of Plato’s Protagoras and Gorgias, and certain elements of this theory are treated rather unsatisfactorily in his Hippias Minor.
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First Animal Encyclopedia

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Beyond this there is an even more “meta” level of questioning: what is the nature of a metanormative theory, and how can it be defended? To promote giving there is a need to make the plight of the suffering personal to potential givers—through photographs and letters, for example. Klein’s Erlangen Program for systematically ordering geometries is based on the following simple idea: Each geometry is the study of the invariants of a group, and the relations of inclusion between groups and their sub- groups determine a hierarchy of geometries.
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Transport (Illustrated Encyclopedia)

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Boethius translated the Isagoge into Latin, along with Aristotle’s Categories and On Interpretation. McKerlie, Dennis. “Equality and Time.” Ethics 99 (1989): 475–91. However, Yamazaki’s Shintoism held the seed of disharmony; before his death this school split into four. To some extent, the reversal in Spinoza’s fortunes was also a corollary of the developments in science. The characteristics of the individual members of a species vary to a greater or lesser degree. 338 • ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PHILOSOPHY 2nd edition PHILOSOPHY OF BIOLOGY reveal a ratio of the forms of approximately three dominant to one recessive.
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The American Desk Encyclopedia

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To what extent are these expressions just shorthand for references to the actions or feelings of individuals? In Dewey’s instrumentalism, ideas became tools for directing our activities, responses to sensation rather than sensations. The relationship between human being and the divine Trinity is understood not only as an external declaration of a righteousness that is not our own but also as the growth of Christ-like love through faith.
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Children's Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs

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He pursued scientific interests under the guidance of the geologist Jean-Étienne Guettard (1715–1786), a family friend, and attended Guillaume-François Rouelle’s (1703–1770) popular and influential lectures on chemistry and mineralogy at the Jardin du Roi. Brief but provocative development of the thesis that to understand James’s pragmatism, we must modify our general conception of reality. It was, in fact, in a form essentially free of teleological meanings that the principle of least action exercised its considerable influence on the development of physicomathematical science. biology: the structure of matter A different science, biology, inspired Maupertuis’s next major work (1751), the Dissertatio Inauguralis Metaphysica de Universali Naturae Systemate (known also as the Système de la nature).
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Bugs

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Where a probability is known to us directly, it is known to us in the way that the validity of a syllogistic argument is known, whatever that way is. This was true not only for philosophers sometimes considered peripheral to the canon (for example, Rousseau, Voltaire, and Schopenhauer) but also for those central to it (for example, Spinoza, Leibniz, Hume, Kant, and Hegel). It is not clear, however, that if a concern is ultimate (in the sense of being the dominant interest of a person), the object of the concern is necessarily Ultimate in the rele- vant sense; that is, that the object of the concern is that on TILLICH, PAUL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PHILOSOPHY 2 n d e d i t i o n • 459 eophil_T 10/28/05 3:52 PM Page 459 which all else depends for its being.
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