Stories on a String: The Brazilian Literatura de Cordel,

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Eventually the Church decided to change its ways, or at least give the appearance of changing them. The growing unpopularity of the regime forced de Rivera to resign in 1930 after he lost the support of the army. Through the Great Embassy, Peter acquired many important technological skills, especially military technology, such as naval instruments, army tactics, ship building techniques, and naval strategy. Few families are wholly subsistence farmers, having relied traditionally on cash from the sale of surplus produce or from emigration of family members.

Pages: 313

Publisher: University of California Press (October 12, 1989)

ISBN: 0520068025

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The economic and social revolutions taking place in France and England were nonexistent in Spain. The 16th and 17th centuries are sometimes called "the Golden Age of Spain". It was said that in his domains, the sun never set. The unwieldy empire of the Siglo de Oro was controlled, not from distant inland Madrid, but from Seville , e.g. Rorty and Pragmatism: The Philosopher Responds to His Critics (The Vanderbilt Library of American Philosophy) http://old.gorvestnik.ru/library/rorty-and-pragmatism-the-philosopher-responds-to-his-critics-the-vanderbilt-library-of-american. Keep in mind that wind chill from river breezes can make port areas feel colder than the temperatures listed Spanish Cultural Studies: An Introduction: The Struggle for Modernity http://old.gorvestnik.ru/library/spanish-cultural-studies-an-introduction-the-struggle-for-modernity. Napoleon’s biggest mistake, which Hitler also fell prey to a few wars later, was invading Russia.� After capturing a deserted and burned-out Moscow in the autumn of 1812, most of Napoleon’s half-million-man army died during the winter retreat.� While the UK had the English Channel as its greatest defense against invasion, Russia had its fierce winter as its greatest defensive asset.� The French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars killed about five million people, and was Europe’s bloodiest period since the Thirty Years’ War, nearly two centuries earlier.� The Seven Years’ War and Napoleon’s reign foreshadowed the so-called World Wars of the 20th century, which were really wars of empire between the Great Powers.� The Napoleonic Wars also marked the beginning of the end of Spain’s empire.� In the Seven Years’ War, Great Britain and France battled across the world, and France was the loser.� In North America, Great Britain got most of France’s imperial lands, and it also got Florida from Spain.� France held onto lands east of the Mississippi River, and Spain and Great Britain got Louisiana.� In 1800, Napol eon forced Spain to give back Louisiana, which the USA bought in 1803 with the Louisiana Purchase.� In 1802, Napoleon launched an invasion of Haiti to try putting down the slave rebellion, which began in 1791.� As was the case with the UK and Russia, geography was Haiti’s greatest defensive asset, and the tropical conditions decimated the French invasion.� Of the 28,000 French troops sent to Haiti, which landed in January 1802, 20,000 were dead by September, due to yellow fever and the fierce resistance of the ex-slaves. [182] � As with all revolutions, theory and practice were at odds in Haiti.� In events leading up to the original rebellion, mulatto ex-slaves tried becoming a new, intermediary class that rode atop the ones still enslaved.� Encouraged by the French Revolution, which gave mulattoes some rights in 1791, a more popular rebellion took place.� Haiti’s revolution was not as egalitarian as the revolutionaries hoped, although the Haitian constitution wisely forbade foreign land ownership.� A republic of ex-slaves caused fear and loathing throughout the West, especially in the slave-owning USA.� The USA would not recognize Haitian independence until 1862 during its Civil War, for obvious reasons.� As with every other colonial power, a fair amount of “miscegenation” happened in Haiti.� The offspring of French masters and slave women became house slaves, and had higher status than the pure African field slaves.� Even in the 21st century, the more French blood a Haitian mulatto can claim, the better.� Mulattoes became Haiti’s ruling class, while others settled in New Orleans and became part of the Creole culture.� European racism still infects the New World.� There is not a nation in the Western Hemisphere where the rule (officially or unofficially) is not: “The lighter your skin, the better off you are.” European chaos enco uraged Spanish colonies to revolt, beginning in earnest when Napoleon put his brother on the Spanish throne in 1808.� Colonists in Venezuela formed an independent government that refused to recognize Napoleon’s rule, and one of Venezuela’s elite, Sim�n Bolivar, became the junta’s representative to the UK, to try gaining recognition.� Bolivar’s attempts failed, and in 1811 the junta declared itself an independent nation.� The revolution failed the next year, as the royalists regained power, but the course was set, and Bolivar, a pupil of the Enlightenment, successfully ended Spanish rule in 1819 in what became Colombia.� He became its first president.� During the next several years, he led efforts to end Spain’s rule in what became Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador.� In Southern Spanish America, Jos� de St , e.g. St. John of the Cross: Selected Poems http://xiraweb.com/?library/st-john-of-the-cross-selected-poems.

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